General Merrill B. Twining, a brilliant officer whose vision and skillful determination helped shape the Marine Corps after World War II, died 11 May 1996 in Fallbrook, California. He had retired from active duty with the Marine Corps 31 October 1959. He was advanced to the rank of general upon retirement by reason of having been specially commended in combat.

General Twining was born on 28 November 1902, at Monroe, Wisconsin, and was commissioned a Marine second lieutenant upon graduation from the U.S. Naval Academy in June 1923. During the next two years, the lieutenant completed the Marine Officers' Basic School, served at Quantico, participated in Caribbean maneuvers with the 10th Marines, and was stationed at the Marine Barracks, Pensacola, Florida.

Lieutenant Twining was ordered to the Marine Barracks at Pearl Harbor in November 1925, and after six months in Hawaii, he sailed for China, via the Philippine Islands. In China he served with the 4th and 12th Marine Regiments at Shanghai, Taku, Hsin Ho, Tientsin, and Peking. He returned to the United States in August 1928. He was promoted to first lieutenant in December 1928 while serving as Commander of the Marine Barracks at the Pacific Coast Torpedo Station, Keyport, Washington. He then served briefly as editor and publisher of Leatherneck magazine in Washington, D.C.

In September 1929, Lieutenant Twining was assigned to the Office of the Judge Advocate General of the Navy. While stationed there, he obtained his Bachelor of Laws degree from George Washington University in 1932. He reported again to the Marine Barracks at Pearl Harbor in November 1932, remaining there until January 1935. In March 1935, while attached to the Marine Barracks at the Naval Air Station, Sunnyvale, California, he earned the Distinguished Pistol Shot's Gold Badge in the Western Division Rifle and Pistol Matches at San Diego, California. He was promoted to captain in May 1935.

From July 1935 to August 1936, Captain Twining was a student in the Army Infantry School, Fort Benning, Georgia. During the next year he served at Philadelphia as an instructor in the Marine Officers' Basic School. Moving to Quantico in June 1937, he served as a company commander with the 5th Marines, and two years later became an instructor in the Marine Corps Schools. He also participated in Caribbean maneuvers in 1938 and 1939. He was promoted to major in July 1939.

In November 1941, Major Twining joined the 1st Marine Division at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in January 1942 and moved with the Division to the Pacific area in May 1942. He earned his first Legion of Merit with Combat "V" for meritorious service from 25 June to 10 December 1942 as the Division's Assistant Operations Officer and later, Assistant Chief of Staff, G-3. In that capacity he helped prepare and execute plans for the Guadalcanal campaign.

During the planning phase, Lieutenant Colonel Twining and Major William B. McKean were flown over the then Japanese-held island on 17 July 1942, for the first sighting of Guadalcanal by U.S. Marines in World War II. Following the Guadalcanal campaign, he served as Assistant Chief of Staff, G-3, of the 1st Marine Amphibious Corps, then commanded by General Alexander A. Vandegrift.

Returning to the United States in November 1943, Lieutenant Colonel Twining remained until 1947 at the Marine Corps Schools, Quantico. While there, he served successively as Chief of Operations and Training, Executive Officer, and as a member of the Schools' Administrative Staff. He was promoted to colonel in February 1945.

In August 1947, Colonel Twining reported to Pearl Harbor as Chief of Staff, Fleet Marine Force, Pacific. The following June, he was named Fleet Marine Officer on the Staff of the Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Fleet. He served in that capacity until July 1949, when he returned to the Marine Corps Schools as Senior Resident Member of the Marine Corps Board.

In August 1950, he reported to Camp Pendleton and the following month was promoted to brigadier general. He served there as Commanding General, Marine Corps Training and Replacement Command, until November 1951, and later as Commander of Fleet Marine Force Troops and Commanding General, 3d Marine Division.

Upon leaving Camp Pendleton, General Twining joined the 1st Marine Division in Korea in March 1952. For outstanding service as Assistant Division Commander from March through May 1952, he received a Gold Star in lieu of his second Legion of Merit with Combat "V." He returned to the States that June, and subsequently served in the Office of the Commandant of the Marine Corps. He was promoted to major general in September 1952. In January 1954, he was named Deputy Chief of Staff at Headquarters Marine Corps.

General Twining returned to Korea in January 1955 as Commander of the 1st Marine Division. In March of that year, he accompanied the division to Camp Pendleton, where he served until August 1956. In September 1956, he was promoted to lieutenant general and assumed duties as Commandant, Marine Corps Schools, Quantico, the twenty-fifth Marine officer to head the Schools. He served in that capacity until his retirement 31 October 1959.

In addition to the Legion of Merit with Combat "V" and Gold Star in lieu of a second award, the general's medals and decorations include: the Letter of Commendation with Commendation Ribbon, the Presidential Unit Citation, the Expeditionary Medal, the Yangtze Service Medal, the American Defense Service Medal, the Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with two bronze stars, the American Campaign Medal, the World War II Victory Medal, the National Defense Service Medal, the Korean Service Medal with two bronze stars, the United Nations Service Medal, the Korean Presidential Unit Citation, and the Order of Orange Nassau with Swords (awarded by Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands).

Several members of General Twining's family also had careers in the military. His brother, General Nathan F. Twining, former Air Force Chief of Staff, was named by President Eisenhower to serve as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Another brother, Robert, was a retired Navy captain. His grandfather, Nathan C. Twining, was a Civil War Army captain; and his uncle, Nathan C., a rear admiral.